把握托??谡Z閱讀的方法
新托??谡Z考試的第三題和第四題都要求考生首先在45秒內看完一段100字左右長度的單一段落閱讀材料。若想拿到第三題和第四題的滿分,除了聽力和口語復述之外,考生需要強加練習的就是對閱讀段落的把握。在有限的時間之內把握閱讀材料的重點信息是個不小的挑戰,尤其是第四題的閱讀材料更是讓許多考生有了不小的挫敗感。那么如何正確把握閱讀材料的重點,正是我們本次探討的中心。
一、把握閱讀節奏,有效閱讀
提高閱讀速度當然是Z大的武器,但是盲目追求速度快往往導致我們忽略重點,影響閱讀質量。那么怎樣才能在保證閱讀速度的前提下提高閱讀質量呢?我們知道,句子是由詞組成的,但同一句話中的各個詞的分量不盡相同,有的起著關鍵的作用。段落是由句子構成的,然而同一段落中的各個句子的分量也是不同的,有的是關鍵句、核心句,有的則起著輔助說明的作用,為闡述中心思想而服務。這些關鍵詞、關鍵句表達的正是段落的重要信息,抓住了它們就等于抓住了段落的核心,就知道了什么地方應該加快速度,什么地方應該放慢速度,當然也就掌握了閱讀節奏。也就是說,對于關鍵詞和關鍵句應該慢讀,做到充分理解,牢牢把握;而對非關鍵詞和非關鍵句應加快閱讀速度,搶出時間,用以反復閱讀重點句或歸納總結。所以,把握閱讀的節奏成了有效閱讀的關鍵。那么接下來,朗恒海外考試研究中心的老師將對新托??谡Z第三題和第四題逐一做出分析和講解,教大家如何把握閱讀的節奏。
二、把握閱讀節奏之第三題
第三題屬于校園場景,閱讀材料按內容可以劃分成兩種:學校通告(Announcement)和個人建議(Letter/Proposal)。兩者雖然在內容上不同,但文章結構是一致的。這是一個好現象,因為我們可以通過固定的文章結構來快速判斷主旨句的位置。其實,學校的通告也好,個人的建議也罷,都符合西方人開門見山的表達習慣。換言之,無論是什么內容的材料,主旨句通常出現在前兩句。這給我們提供了很大的便利,因為我們可以以此來提高我們的閱讀速度。我們先來看一則學校通告的例子:
Required Work Experience
The business studies department at State University will now require all students enrolled in its program to complete one semester of work experience in a local corporation small business. It is felt that students will benefit this work experience by developing leadership organizational skills that would normally be learned in a classroom campus setting. Furthermore, the relationship that students establish with the company that they work for may help them to secure permanent employment with that company once they have completed the program graduated.
我們拿到一段材料通常第一件事是看標題,因為那能幫助我們快速掌握材料的主旨,所以我們知道本題的主旨與work experience有關,接下來就剩細節了。通過剛才講過的方法,我們知道主旨句一定在前兩句,所以我們稍微放慢速度閱讀前兩句。通過題目一開始的旁白我們已經知道這是一篇學校通告,所以為了提升速度,我們快速跳過一些“虛詞”,包括學校名稱、院系、以及表示“要求”、“建議”等意思的詞。因為這些詞在大部分的學校通告材料中出現且無實際意義,所以我們可以快速略過。那本題中,我們只需要仔細閱讀第一行require后面的內容就可以了。這時我們的工作量就又減少了,速度也就提升了。通過閱讀我們發現,本題的主旨就在第一句,所以趕緊記下來關鍵詞(動詞、名詞優先),保證主旨句有分。
下面我們再來看一個個人建議的例子:
University Should Pave Running Trails
The university has about three miles of unpaved dirt running trails that pass through the forest near campus. I think these trails should be paved with cement. One reason for paving the trails would be to increase their safety. When it rains, the dirt turns to mud becomes very slippery, so the runners who use them can slip fall. Pavement would solve this problem. Also, paving would make the trails look nicer, which would encourage students to use them. Bumps in the trial would be smoothed out weeds would be paved over, making the trail more attractive to runners.
Sincerely Sally Jacobs
個人建議的閱讀材料更容易判斷主旨句,我們只需要快速找到第一人稱I或We出現的一句就OK了。根據技巧,我們找到本題的主旨就是I think these trails should be paved with cement。但是為了答案更具體更完整,我們應該把句中的these指代的內容找出來,根據指代原則,我們從第一句找到了unpaved dirt running trails。所以,本題的主旨就是The student suggests that the unpaved dirt running trails should be paved withcement。這樣就可以快速搞定主旨句了。
然而,光找主旨是不夠的,我們還需要找出除了主旨之外的重點。這個重點通常包括學校做法或個人建議的原因、目的、功能、作用等,而且大部分情況下都是兩點。我們怎么能快速準確地定位到這兩點呢?很簡單,通過表示列舉和增補關系的連接詞,或起到連接性作用的短語等,包括:First, one reason, on one hand, in addition, additionally, also, furthermore, moreover, what’s more, another reason/purpose/benefit等。我們應該首先快速定位這些詞,這樣能幫我們立即找到兩點原因。就拿剛才的例子來說,我們能迅速地發現One reason for paving the trails would be to increase their safety和Also, paving would make the trails look nicer, which would encourage students to use them。做到這,我們的任務基本就完成了。接下來我們稍微放慢速度閱讀這兩句,記下關鍵詞。如果還剩其他的句子,都只是起輔助作用的內容,快速閱讀即可。如果還剩時間,我們應該把所找的重點再反復閱讀,加深理解。
當然,閱讀材料并不是固定結構。有時我們在文中發現不了上述提到的連接詞的時候,只能逐句閱讀,抓緊記下一點原因之后,快速閱讀剩余句子,先判斷一下是否與已記下的內容雷同,如果沒有不同的點可以記,我們只能判斷本題只有一個原因了。比如下列一段材料:
Housing Renovations Planned
Over the last ten years, the number of Central College students living on campus in dormitories has decreased by twenty percent. In an effort to counteract the trend, the college has announced a plan to renovate its on-campus housing. The renovations will take two years, they will include improvements to the bathrooms, lighting, heating in the dormitories. “A lot of people are moving off campus because the dorms aren’t in great shape,” explained the college president. “By renovating the dorms, we can make them more appealing than off-campus housing, more students will choose to remain on campus.”
我們可以發現,本段沒有上述鏈接詞,也沒有明顯的分層,通過閱讀我們發現文章一再地提到學生搬出校園以及翻修宿舍的目的是為了吸引學生住校。所以我們能肯定本題的原因就是“吸引學生住?!?。所以,通過有快有慢、有重點有技巧的閱讀,我們就絕不會落下得分點。
三、把握閱讀節奏之第四題
第四題屬于學術場景,閱讀材料是關于一個學術名詞的解釋。這個學術名詞或是某種現象,亦或是某種做法,專業涉及心理學、商業、社會學、藝術等。與第三題不同的是,本題的閱讀段落并沒有第三題那么固定,所以在找得分點方面給我們增加了難度,閱讀速度也因此會受到影響。不過主旨句(也就是對專有名詞的解釋)總歸有它的特點,我們大致可以把主旨句分為三種情況。
第一種情況是要解釋的學術名詞首次完整在段落中出現的一句話就是主旨句,就是對這個名詞的解釋。所以我們拿到閱讀段落的時候應該首先快速掃描學術名詞,第一次出現這個名詞的那一句就是對這個詞的解釋。比如下面一個例子:
The Establishing Shot
Film directors use different types of camera shots for specific purposes. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken far away. That is used to provide context for the rest of the scene. One purpose of the establishing shot is to communicate back ground information to the viewer, such as setting-- when the rest of the scene will occur. It also establishes the mood feeling of the scene. Due to the context that the establishing shot provides, the characters events that are shown next are better understood by the viewer.
本段落要解釋的名詞是establishing shot,所以我們快速在文中找這個學術名詞首次完整出現的句子。很快我們就能定位第二句符合這個規則,那么接下來就要放慢速度閱讀理解這句話的意思。通過閱讀我們能判定這就話就是主旨句,所以應該快速記下相應的筆記。
當然,很多時候我們發現主旨句并不是這個學術名詞第一次出現的句子;相反地,它們第一次出現的句子是一個概括性的,導入性的句子,那么這個時候我們就應該判斷這屬于第二種情況,就是主旨句出現在導入性句子的后面,比如:
Entertainment Merchandising
An effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing in which the brand image one product is also used to sell another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection with movies television shows, especially those associated with children. For example, the success of a popular children’s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. the situation may be reversed when a children’s television show is written to include characters that are based on already-popular toys.
我們通過第一種方法能快速定位到第一句是這個學術名詞首次完整出現的句子,但是通過閱讀我們發現這句話并沒有解釋什么是entertainment merchandising, 而是說有一種做法叫做entertainment merchandising,所以我們知道了這句話只起一個導入性的作用。那么接下來我們就抓緊看下一句,通常下一句就是對這個名詞的解釋。而通過閱讀我們發現第二句就正好解釋了這個詞的意思,所以應該快速記下筆記。
當然,有時候除了上述情況,我們還能碰到第三種情況:我們找到的學術名詞第一次出現的一句話既不是主旨句也不是導入性的句子,而是一個總結性的句子。這些句子的標志語往往是this is known/seen/referred to as xxx, this is what we call xxx, these behaviors are xxx等。比如下面這個例子:
Comfort Zone Bias
Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias. When people are reasonably content, they often decide to pursue a new opportunity, even if it attracts them offers more advantages. Psychologists believe that the comfort zone bias exists only because we have a natural preference for what we already know, but also because we want to avoid taking risks.
這個段落中我們能快速定位到第四行,也就是第二句‘This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias’是學術名詞comfort zone bias首次完整出現的一句,但是我們知道這一句并不是解釋,而是總結說“這種趨勢”叫做comfort zone bias,這時我們就要去前面找“這種趨勢”究竟是哪種趨勢。所以我們往前讀一句,發現when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones就是本文的主旨句。
朗恒海外考試研究中心的老師研究總結了大量的真題,發現第四題的閱讀基本都適用這三種情況,所以考生們可以按照這種方法提高閱讀速度。接下來,找完主旨句,我們就需要判斷還有沒有其他得分點需要記。與第三題的閱讀不同,第四題的閱讀不一定都有兩個原因或目的這樣的細節可以記,所以考生要自己判斷是否有這樣的內容。比如剛才我們舉過的establishing shot的例子,文章中有很明顯的標志詞one purpose和also,所以我們立即就能決定記下這兩個點。而像另外兩篇文章,我們并不能立即發現有特點的細節,所以考生只能快速閱讀剩下的句子。在這里我們需要注意的是,第四題如果想拿比較高的分數,對閱讀文章的準確概括十分重要。除了主旨句應該記哪些內容而不記哪些內容十分考驗考生的能力,所以關于第四題的閱讀材料筆記內容老師會另外討論,不在這里詳細解釋了。
而關于主旨句的記錄,許多同學不確定在找出主旨句之后應該記哪些詞不記哪些詞。我們先來看看兩個例子。
1.An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken far away.
本句是文章的主旨句,我們發現它其實不算長,所以這種情況我們直接記全句。記全句的好處就是在你看不懂的前提下保證你在復述的時候拿到一定的分數。
2.Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias.
這個例子里主旨句太長,我們不可能全都記下來,所以只需要記有用的內容,一些“虛詞”和重復的內容都可以省略。比如,Psychologists have found that只是起一個導入的作用,真正重要的是心理學家發現了什么,所以這幾個詞是空話,是廢話,所以我們不記。接下來,文章對they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”做出了解釋,也就是they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones,所以這兩句意思一樣,我們只記后一句更具體的解釋,所以目前我們需要記的就是when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones。學過語法和邏輯的同學知道,rather than表示這個詞組之前的內容重要而之后的內容不重要,所以我們沒有時間的話就可以省略rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones這些內容。這么一來,我們Z終需要記錄的就只剩下when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations,我們的任務就簡單多了,復述起來也不浪費時間了。
以上我們討論的這些技巧都需要考生們多做練習,只有不斷練習這些技巧才能真正提高閱讀速度,把握文章重點,在考試時才能沉著冷靜地記錄好閱讀文章的內容,復述時才能省時省事還能確保得到理想的分數。
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